Automatic control for car retarders



April 9,1929. C. D. OLAND' 1,708,892' AUTOMATIC CONTROL FOR CAR RETARDERS Filed Deo. 21. 1925 3 Sheets-Sheet l 3 Sheets-Sheet C. D. OLAND Filed Dec `AUTOMTIC CONTROL FOR CAR RETARDERS April 9, 1929.

gti@ a ,0/ ai u April 9, 1929 w c. D. OLAND 1,708,892

AUTOMATIC CONTROL FOR CAR RETARDERS Filed Deo. 21, 1925 5 sheets-sheet 3 ap. www? rammed npr. a ieee.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

CHARLES I). OLAND, OF CENTR/ALIA, ILLINOIS, ASSIGNOR TO ELECTRIGPEUMATIC SKID CO., OF CENTRALIA, ILLINOIS.

AUTOMATIC CONTROL FOR CAR RETARDERS,

Application led December 21, 1925. SerialNo. 763810.

in motion, and then permitted to move to`` 'ward normal position, together with train or car actuated means, for checking or stopping this movement toward normal position in accordance with the speed of the car.

Another object is to provide an automatic ar reim-dingn mechanism which is adapted to be set in position `ior engagement with the wheels oit a car, and 'which is maintained in such position by the car.

il Yfurther object is to provide a mechanisui which is automatically operated by a car and by means ot which the retarding elements are set to engage the wheels of the car at a certain pressure, commensurate with the speed of the car, and wherein such pressure maintained by means actuated by the car.

Other objects and advantages will be` apparent 'from the following description `when taken in connection with the accompanying d raavings. i

ln Jthe drawings:

liip'ure 1 is a side elevation ot a portion ailway showing the invention applied ,i iro 2 is an enlarged side elevation of the circuit closing switch.

Figure 3 is a iront elevation oi the saine. l

Figure 4t a vertical sectional view on the line fi-fl oit Figure 2.'

Figure 5 is a sideelevation of the auxiliary rotary switch.

Figure o is a front elevation of the same.

Figure is a sectional detail view on the line 7M? ot Figure 5.

4Figure 8 is a horizontal sectional view on the line 8 8 of Figure 2. 'Y

i gere 9 'is a plan view of a portion oi' a railway, the retarding'shoes, and the means 'tor regul .t'ng the pressure of the latter.

TTigure 10 is a vertical sectional view on the line 10W-10 of Figure 2.

Referring particularly to the accompanying drawings, 10 represents a portion of a railway, in connection with which the present invention is used, such railway being a portion ot a train yard hump.

Inthe making up of trains, cars are per mitted to coast from the hump to the places where the trains are to be made up.' These cars gain considerable momentum, and if not checked in their speed, before reaching the trains, will cause great damage. Various devices have been used to retard the speed of the cars, hut these devices are operated from towers, thus requiring the" services of a number of men. These devices include elements arranged along the rails, which are motor operated into rictional contact with the wheels of the cars, as said carsr pass along the track. These track elements must be moved so as to contact with the wheels at greater or less pressure, in accordancewith the speed of the traveling cars, to bring the cars down to the desired safe speed. `l-lcretotore these track elements were controlled from towers, manually, and it is the particular object of the present invention to actuate these track elements automatically, through mechanism actuated by the passing cars.

liounted adjacent the railway is a support 11, carrying thereon a shaft 12, and loosely mounted on the shaft is a disk'l, having a hub 13. On one end of the shatt is :lined a crank arm 1li, to the outer end of which is pivotally connected the intermediate portion o'l2 a linkl, said link extending along the railway, ,tor suitable distances in both directions, 'tom said shaft. Fixed on one side tace of the disk 13 is a guide eye 1G, and

slidable through this eye is a pin 17, said pin having a head 18 on one end and having its other end arranged to enter an opening in the shaft 12, whereby to couple the disk and shaft together 'for simultaneous rotation, as will be explained later herein.` Secured to the said side oic the disk 13 is a bevel gear 20, which meshes with a bevel gear l, on the adjacent end ot a horizontal shaft 22, which shaft is properly supported in a bearing on the support 11.` rThe other end of the shaft 252 carries a similar bevel gear 28, which meshes with the bevel gear 24V loosely mounted on the vertical governor shatt 25. This bevel gear Qt includes a housing 2li', within which is mounted the ratchet wheel 26, lined on the shai't 25. The gear 24, and its hous- 2f'. i e 1,708,892

ing 24 are ysupported against downwardv movement en the shaft 25 by means of the fixed collar 25', on said shaft. By this construction, it` willi'readilyl be seen. thatf when rthe disk 13 is rotated in ay clockwise direction, the gear 24 will be loosely turned in one direction on the shaft-25, the pawl-idly sliding over the teeth of the ratchet wheel Y 26, butthat when the disk is rotated' ina counterfclockwise direction, the pawl 26 vvillengage the tee-th. 26androtate Athe shaft in'fthe opposite direction` @n.the upper endof theshaft 25 are the, ball governor armsll. Secured on the support 11adjaeent'jtlie sidefejf the disk 13, is anarcuatc track, 27,v en ,which the. before-mentioned Y head 18 of. the pm 1G, is arranged.l to slide,

Y a.portionofthelower endfof the track being free, andflexibldend overlying a short'inclined-traek section 28. A spring 17 on the pin 17 serves` t'ojnorinally urge the pin 'I against.' thetra'ck; 27 Y ripheral faceef-the disk 3, and projecting :radially therefrom, are thelugs 29, four be- Secured to the pcing shown in the drawings, although xa, larger orysmaller number maybe used, as the conditionsrequird saidfl'ug's beingproperly inslated from, the disk, in vany desired manner.l Connected to each VVof the lugs29 is a wiref30, which leads to retarderl controlling mechanism, at` 31, in, Eigure 1, which-will y later bel described. A motor spring 13 vhas proximately Ystraight Vand horizontal, they upper terminal being provided with n an armature disk 33, adapted to be attracted by the core ofthe electromagnet This electro- 1 ymagnet is suppliedwith current from the battery by means of the wires 53, 54, and

56. Fixed to the inner face of the arm 32,

* adjacent the upper endof the curve thereof,

Y is a lug 35, and connected to the lower fixed 5e end ofthe said arm is a wire 36, said wire "extending to the same point as the wires 30,

Fixed on the arm 32, above the curved por tion thereof, and extending vertically therel from, isa trip arm 37, which lies inthepath of the wheels of a car,.to be engaged and moved thereby. At a `suitable distance from thesupport 11, andadjacent the rail ofthe e railway 10,:is a verticallyY disposed, centrally pivoted trip :arm 38, which is adapted vto be engaged'agnd rocked by the wheels'of a car leaving the hump. The. lower end of this trip arm 38 ispivotally.v connectedwith thev adjacentendgof thebeferementioned link 15 Y vwhereby, when the car wheel rocks saidarm,

motion is imparted, through the link 15, to

the arm 14, and due to the interlocking of the shaft 12, and the disk 13, the said disk will be rotated in a clockwise direction. As thedisk -13 turns the lugs 29 will be successivelymoved upwardly above the lug 35, while at the same time maintaining the shaft anddisk incooperative relation, through the engagement of the head of the pin 17 on the track 27. Should the disk bc rotated sullicientlytoypermit the head of the pin to lcavc the upper end of the track, the spring 17 willcause the pinto be projected outwardly, so that the head will lic outwardly of the track. As soon as the first wheels of thc car have-rocked'thc trip aim 38, and have passed thereovcr, the motor spring 13'., which has lbeen wound by the forward, or clockwise movement of the disk 13, will unwind whereby to rotate the diskin a retrograde, or anticlockwise direction, thus restoring the arm 3 8-toia positionfor engagementl hy the next wheel ofthe car. As the disk 13 rotates in an-anti-clockwise direction, the head 18, of

n the pin 17, will ride on the lower face of the track27, until it reaches the flexible end of saidtrack, when said head `will flex the track endand ride up on the short track section 28 with the result that said head will then be in a position te ride on the upper face of the track 27, upon rotation of the disk 13 in its clockwise direction. lVhen the head of the pin 17 leaves the upper end of the track 27, and rides on the lower face of said track, the other end of the pin will he releasedfrom the opening in the sha tt 12, with rthe result that the disk 13 is free to rotate on the shaft, while at the same time the shaft may be freely rotated within the disk, in the event that said disk is held against retrograde rotation by` engagement of one of its lugs 29 with the lug 35. lVhcn, however the head of the pin 17 has passed the flexible end of the track, and has again engaged on the upper face thereof, the pin will hc in a position to be urged into the opening of thc shaft 12, to again couple the shaft and disk.

A secon-il support 40 is mounted adjacent the point 31, of the railway, and carried hy iid support is a shaft 41. on which is rig` idly mounted a disk 42, of a size similar to the disk 13', and having the bevel gear 41 0n its side face, which meshes with the bevel gear 57, on the horizontaly shaft 58, which is supported on the support 40. A motor spring 44 has its inner end secured to thc hub 42, ofthe disk 42, and its outer end secured to the support 40, as clearly seen in Figure 6. The other end of the shaft 58 carries a bevel gear 60 which mcsheswith the gear 59, mounted on the vertical governor shaft 43, said gear 59 being provided with the casingl, and otherwise being of identical construction to that of the gear 24, and cooperating with the shaft 43 in the saine manner. In this connection, it might be loo ffl

said that the Figures 8 and lO, while being details ot the gear 24, will serve as details ot the gear 59, as well. VFixed on the shaft Ll1 is a radially extending' arm 46 which is pivotally connected with the adjacent end of the before-mentioned link l5, whereby upon rocking ot the trip arm 38, by the wheel ot a passing; car, both the disk 13, and the dish 112, will be rotated.` Fixed onthe support d() is a radially extending` arm 52, and connected to said arm, and to one end of the coil ot the electroinagnet Sel, is the wire 53, while the wire 56 is connected to the other end of the coil of. said magnet, and to one side oi' the battery 55. Secured to, and ei;- ending around a` portion ot the periphery oi the disk a2, is a metal plate or strip 5l, which is adapted to be `engaged by the con* tract member 52', which is carriedby said arm 52, and connected to said plate or strip 5l is the wire 54,, which is also connected to the ot-her side of the battery 55. Thus, when the dish i2 is rotated in a clockwise direction, the plate 51 will be brought under the contact member 52, so that the electromagnet 34 will be energized, and in the event that the car wheel has engaged the trip arm 37, and tiexed the arm 32 suiiiciently to bring the armature 38 into close proximity to the said magnet, said armature will be held by the attraction of the magnet, with the result that one or another ot the lugs 29 will lie above the lug 35, whereby to prevent the dish 13, from retrograde rotation. The shaft l2,can, however, rotate in a retrograde direction, because ot the tact that the pin l? will always have been disengaged from the opening in said shaft by the oper-` ation ot 38, thereby permitting the shaft al,

and the dish 42 to turn backwardly, under the influence oit the springt-i. Secured to one side tace o't the dish e2 is an arcuate s @1.5, formed with a series oi?` ratchet te l. vSecured to, and rotatable with the shatt lll, is a vertically extending trip arm 4t", which is adapted to be engaged and ro 4lied by the wheels oi? a passingv car. A coil spring 50, connected to the arm 47, and to the support lit), yieldably holds the arm in vertical position, and tends to restorethe saine to such position whenreleased from the car wheel. A spring pressed pivoted pawl 48 is mounted on the arnr 47, and is arranged to engage with the ratchet teeth of the strip 4to, whereby, upon rocking ot said arm, bythe wheel of a car, the said pawl willV engage a tooth otV the strip and rotate the dish 42 in a clockwise direction, thus, bringing the contact plate 5l into engagementV with the Contact member 52', to close the circuit through the battery 55, and the electromagnet 34. This energizes the magnet 531i, and causes the armature 33 to be ats tracted thereto, so that the arm 32 will'be held in position to maintain the dish 13 against retrograde rotation. Fixed on the support 40, in a verticalposition, is an arni 49, which is engaged by the pawl, to litt the saine out ot engagement with the teeth of the strip e5, when the arm t7 has moved back to normal position, whereby to permit the motor spring ist to rotate the dish l2 in a counter-clockwise direction. lt will be noted that a portion et the strip i5 enten( s towarr the right, beyond the arms lli' and eti), when the arm Il? is in a vertical position, so that when said arm is again `moved forwardly, by the car wheel, the pawl will readily engage with the teeth ot' said strip, tor the puipose of again advancing the disk in a clockwise direction.

rfhe disk` 13, in conjunction with the arm terms a rheos'tat, while the elements .5l-52 term a switch.

Thus the movement of the arm 3S, by the first wheels or" acar, sets the entire mechanisin in condition to urge the shoes 39 tor the maxinnim pressure against the car wheels. lt the car is moving` a such a high speed aste reach and trip the arm 37, betere the disk 18 can retrograde bach toward normal position, such dish will be locked in its advanced position, while at the same time the disk 42 will be advanced to energize the magnet 3a to maintain the 'llcXible arm 82 in its locking position. The governors opcrate to prevent the too rapid `retrograde rotation of the disks, so that ii2 the car is Aiovat' a speed above normal, such car will have passed between the retarding shoes before the circuit is broken between the con tact 52 and strip 5l, and the reqi'lired pressure of the shoes is brought to bear on the car wheels to check its speed. i As each successive wheel ot' the car strikes the arm a7, the disk l2 is intermittently moved iiorward to maintain engagement between the inem bers 5l and 52, and maintain the magnet Ei-elenergisced, whereby to hold the arm 32 and lreepthe circuit to the .shoe actuatingl inechanisn'i closed, and the iLires-sure oi the shoes constant until the car has paffzscd from le tween the shoes. i

Referring particularly to Figure 9, oi' the drawings, the retarder shoes 59, are arranged inwardly and outwardly oi? the rails l0. Connected to the rod G2, are the corresponding ends oit one of the outer slices and one oif the inner shoes. Connected to the rod G3 the other end ot the other outer shoe, and tue correspondin` end of the other inner shoe. Adjacent the railway is a centrally pivoted, and` longitudinally extending rocher arm Get, and pivotally connected to one end ot this arm is one end et the rod 62, while the rod G3 is pivotally connected to thev other end et the arm. A piston rod 58 is pivotally connected.

tothe arm Gil at the saine point at which the rod G3 is connected thereto, said'piston rod operating a piston (not shown) within itl() the ain cylinder 57.( air chest 59 is ,connected "with .the opposite ends of: the cylinder.

Y 57 by mean-sof' the pipes 65 and 66, while a supplyline-67 is connected to the said :chest forsupplying compressed air from a suitable source, not shown; Anelectro-pneumatic valve 60 is associated with the air chestr for.- controlling the owgof air rom= the'clief-stv to thepipes65 and 66. The disk- 13 isV shown diagrammatically, and includes the lugs 29, asociatedwth the flexible arm 32'with its single=lug'-35. The wiref36 leads from the arm32tofoneside of the battery 655i,A while awirel 69 rleads `from-.the other `side ofthe vbattery to the electro-.pneumatic Valve 60. Connected to the valve GOiS-zaawire 30 which leads tothe lowermost of the lugs or p ins29, of the disk13. Tapped in this Wire are stationary contacts 70 'with which are adapted'to engage the switch arms`61. The

elements 57, 53, 59, 60, 61, 65, 66, 67, and 70 'are all parts of the meehanismfillustrated and described on page 393 of Railway Age,

Y ofMarch 2,1926, Vol. .80, No. 6. From each of the switch arms 61 a wire'30 leads to one of the pinsgor lugs29 of the disk 13. 1vVhen the disk 13 is rotated so as to bring its lowermost Vpin 29..-above the pin orlug 35, the. contactbetween said lugs or pins co1npletes the circuitthrough the battery 68 and the electro-pneumatic .valve 60, by. means of the Wires 30 and 36, with the result that said valve irs-moved to permitacertain amount of i airfto pass into .thewcylinder 57, thus forcing 'Y' the piston toward the right, of Figure 9, and

setting they f retarder shoes 39` at. the, proper.

Y distance from the. rails 10,.to. exert-the required amountoffriction on the car wheels, toqcheckthe speed of saidcar. Assuming thata car is travelingfrom-the hump at a high rate :of speed, say six orV eight miles per hour, and has engaged the arm 38, to rotate the disksV 13 and 42, and has closed the circuito'f'the battery 55., to energize the magnet 34, the car will Yhave sufficient time in which. Y toreach and move the arm 37 beforel the f. downthe car torthe proper andsafe: speed.

, Furthermore, the speed at which the car is traveling .willnpermgitthe car to engage the arm 47 before: the'disk 42 'can rotateiback- Wardly under the; influence of the motor` spring 44,' to asu'ificient distance to break the circuit at 551-52, With the result that the-arm- 47 issWung-iforwardly so thatv its pawl en gages with the teeth 45, in advance ofrthe stop -arm 49, and rotatesfthe disk forwardly fagain, so asrto maintainContactV between:

members 51 and 52, and the magnet 34 energized. Should thecar be traveling wt a slower speed, the disk 13 will rotate back Wardly so that when the circuit of the but tery 55 is closed by the contact of 51 with 52, the lug 29, so engaged by the lug 35, will correspondvto a lesser pressurerequired of the shoes 39. However', the car strikes the arm 47 so as to rotate the disk 42 whereby to maintain the circuitof the battery 55 closed, whether thevcar is traveling at a high'mte ofspeed, or at anormalrate.. Y

The distancebetweenfthe arms 38 and 37 is such that. thecar must strike the latter" before the disk 13 can return to normal posi tion, or returnv out of' the position cornsponding to .the pressure required for the shoes 39, for :rpredetermilml rate orf speed of the car. rlhus the distance is reckoned from the: time standpoint, rathertlranv from actual'linear distance, while of course it is calculated that the car will tmveLa. certain distance, within a given time, at a certaink rate or' speed.. The arm 47 is so placed,v with respect to time-distance, from the arm 38, that the car, ifv traveling,r above the normal speed, willstrike the arm 47 before the circuit is broken at 51e-52. Thus, withithe exception of the instance where' theA cil-ris travelingfrom the hump iut the required orV normal or safe speed of four miles per hour,.the arms 38, 37, and 47 will beA successively struck and rocked before either disk 13,l or` the disk 42 canv retrograde back beyond a. position correspondingfto that required to apply the proper degree of pressure ofthe shoes 39. In the hrst instance, that where. the car is traveling-attbi@ excessive speed, which requires ythe full i pressure of the shoes 39,' the engagement ofthe lowermost lug 29, with the lugr 35, closes thel circuit through the battery 68, .by means of the Wires 36, the extreme left-hand wire 30, the first switch 61, to thefright'in Figure 9, the electro-:pneumatic valve60, .and-the wire 69. If'the caris traveling at the normal `speed, it will not reach the arm 37 in time to prevent the disk 13 rotating back to normal or engage the arm 47, to maintain the circuit of the battery 55, with the result that the disk 42 rotates back to normal position, and nothing happens, as the shoes 39 do not move into engagement-with the. car wheels, because the speed of the car does not need to be. checked.

When thev car rocks the arm 38. itcauses the rotation of the disks 13 and 42', so that one.- ofthe lugs 291Will lie abofve the lug 35,. and `.the plate 51 will 'be in contant with `the element 52'., while the toothed strip will'be projected beyond thearm 47. The engage ment ofthe elements 51 and 59. closes ther circuit to thefbattery 55 vto energize the elec tromagnet, rewdy to attract and hold the armature ofthe arm 132, should :the car move shafts 25 and 43, due to the we.

the arm into closeproxiinity thereto. The rocking oi2 the arin Il? merely maintains the circuit of the battery 55 closed to prevent the dish 13 rotating bach to normal position, in the event that the car 'travels fast enoun'h to operate said ai'in before the said d retrograde'.

The if'etardino; action oct the t of the governor balls, serves to prevent the dislrs returning to nornial position too rapidly, and thus perinits the car' toreac i the succ ,Y irc trip arms intime to set the Various devices in position to maintain the retarder shoes in position ttor pw sure against `the car wheels.

Vilhat is claimed is: i

l. The combination iii/ith ar rctarler shoes and the mechanism lor afriplyings une at different pres lires including' an electric circuit, ot' an automatic control for said mechanism incnulingg a cai actuated selec tive switch in the circuit, tor regolati" the current to and thereby the operation oit the airiplyinsr mechanism in accord with the speed the y tor niaintaininpY the s yitch in its operative position, and car actuated ineans for holding,1 the maintaining' means until. the car has been checked by the shoes.

2. The combination with retarder shoes and the mechanism for applying;` said shoes at diilcrent pressures including an electric circuit, of an automatic control tor said mechanism including; a car actuated slectiye switch in 'the circuit for regulating the amount ot current supplied to the inechanism whereby to apply the slices at the pres sure required to check the car, ineens inin tially actuated by the car for maintaining; the switch in its operative position, and ineens subsequently actuated by the car as said car pa i the retarder shoes, tor holdingjr the initially actuated ineens un l the car has been checked by the slices.

3. The combination with rotar :fr shoes and the mechanism 'tor apiilyingr said shoes at ditlcrent pressures including'` an electric circuit, ot an automatic control for said mechanism including a selective switch in the circuit tor setting' the'niechanifni'i to apply the shoes a pressure required to check the `l ot the can means initially operable by ihe car for holding' the setting: means in such position, and means operable bj.' the car 'for inaintaiuinqr the liloldinp,` nicans until the car has passed the shoes.

el. 'lhc combination with retarder shoes and the mechanism tor applying' saine at different .pressures including' an electric circuit, ol an automatic control i'or the mechanism including an electric circuit, a selec-v @Call `nioauis actuated by the cerV holdiing` the first circuit closer in circuit closing position, and car actuated means for maintaining the control circuit closed while a car is passing.

5. The combination with retarder shoes cuit closer in a position to actuate the applying mechanism commensurate 'with the speed oli the car and vfor closing' the said switch and car actuated means :tor main-A tain'u.` the switch closed while the car is passin r the otarder shoes.

G. The combination with car retz'u'der shoes and the mechanism for applying` the saine including an electric circuit, oi.l an yautoiinitic control 'tor the implyingmechanism including an electric circuit, anwelectromagnetic ineens in tl'xe control circuit, a rheostat in the circuit ot the applying' mechanism including` a rotatable ineinber and a flexible arcuate nieinber, a switch in the circuit of the control, car actuated ineans tor simultaneously 'turning the rotatable member into operative position forapplying the shoes at a pressure commensurate with the speed of the car and for closing' the switch, the said flexible member being adapted to be actuated by the car into holdinge; engagement with the rotatable member `electric circuit, ot an automatic control tor the applying;` mechanism including an electric circuit, a selective switch in the circuit el the applying niechanisrn comprisingr a rotor and a flexible member movable toward and away :troni the rotor, car actuated means lor rtu'ating` the rotor, an electro nmsnotio means in the control circi'lit, and car actuated means tor moving' the flexible .inoinber into holding' engagement with the rotor and into the magnetic field ot the electro-n1agnetic means, and a switch in the control circuit initially closed by the approach ino' car and subsequently maintained in closed position by thc car the latter passes between the shoes.

8. The combination with car retarder shoes and the mechanism for applying the saine at different pressures including an electric circuit, a selective switch in the circuit comprising a rotor having contact elements thereon, and a flexible arcuate member vhaving asinglecontact and movable toward and away from the rotor, car actuated means for 'rotating the rotor to position one of vits cont-act elements-to-be engaged bythev single Contact, a local circuit7 .car actuated means forlexingthe flexible member toward the rotor7 whereby to engagey its contact with said contact of the rotor to prevent retrograde rotation of the rotor7 and car actuated means forrholding the flexible member in rotor engaged position until the car has leftfthe shoes. K y

9. The combination with a car retarder mechanism including-an electric circuit, of a switch inthe circuit including a rotor having a plurality Aof kcontact elements :and a flexible arcuate member having single icontact element and movable toward and away rom'the rotor, car actuated means for rotating the rotor to .position one of the con- 'tact elements thereof to be engaged land held by the single contact of the flexible member,l car Yengaged means on the flexible member `for flexing the member to engage its Contact element with one of the contact :elements of the rotor to prevent retrograde means operable bythe car as the car passes the shoes for holding the flexible member engaged with the rotor until the car has passed the shoes.

10. The combination with u retarder mechanism including an electric circuit, of a selective switch in the circuit includin a rotor having a series ofcontacts and a exible arcuate member having a single contact and adapted to be flexed toward and away from the rotor, a control circuit including an electro-magnet and a switch, a car actuated trip, a rod connected with said rotor and said switch and operable by said trip, whereby to initially set the rotor in position for engagement by the sin le contact commensurate with the speed o the car and for closing said switch to energize the electromagnet, saidflexible member bein arranged to be moved by the cnr into the geld of the electro-magnet, and means on the switch operable by the car while passing through the retarder for maintaining the flexible member in such position untll the car has passed from the retarder.

In testimony whereof, 'I aix my signature.

lCHARLES D. OLAND. 

